Understanding states of suffering with implications for improved management of poultry

Understanding states of suffering with implications for improved management of poultryThe causes of the main states of suffering experienced by poultry species, namely fear, frustration and pain, are listed and the behavioural symptoms are described. Birds can be frightened by stimuli that are (1) sudden and intense, (2) novel, and (3) signalling special evolutionary dangers. The lack of a nesting site and lack of a roosting site in battery cages are the main causes of intense frustration in laying hens. Pain can be caused by feather

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